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Forces Newton's force law of "action equal reaction" is well known. Implicitly this formulation assumes, that this is always valid. That means for example for the gravitational force that this law is valid independent of distance and relative movement between two masses. But for that the information about the position must be instantaneously transmitted to the other mass, then otherwise a change in position of one mass would inform the other mass at a later time and during this transmission time Newton's law would be violated. Newton's law is the principle of action-at-a-distance. |
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Since Maxwell's[3] field theory used the principle of near-action the action-at-a-distant theories slowly disappeared. Now forces - i.e. force fields - spread out with a finite velocity (signal velocity, light velocity). Finally the second Einstein postulate about the absolute constancy of the speed of light was the definitive turning-away from the action-at-a-distance theories. |
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New papers[2] show, that obviously both principles are present in nature simultaneously. This circumstance is an important fact for the theoretical search of the source of the supposed Space-Energy. One step toward a new electrodynamics is the search for longitudinal electrical forces, as these has been suggested for example by Nicola Tesla[i.e. 3] due to his many experimental investigations. However, some theoretical models about this are now upcoming[i.e. 1,3, 6]. Probably it will then be possible to find a solution for the problem of the so called "dark matter", which - although never detected - is still the most discussed model of astronomic physics to explain the shape of galaxies. |
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